Abbott Animal Hospital

Dr. Mohsen M. Gomaa - Dr. Ashraf M. Gomaa

www.facebook.com/abbotthospital

Abbott Animal Hospital
48 Fall River Avenue
Rehoboth, MA 02769
ph: (508) 336-4430
fax: (508) 915-2176
receptionist@abbottanimalhospital.com

Global Zoonoses

Disease	Principal Animals Involved	Known Distribution	Probable Means of Spread to Humans	Clinical Manifestations in Humans
Anthrax	Cattle, sheep, goats, horses, wild herbivorous animals	Worldwide; common in Africa, Asia, South America, eastern Europe	Occupational exposure; foodborne in Africa, Russia, and Asia; occasionally wounds or insect bites; rarely airborne	Ulcerative skin lesions, pneumonia, sepsis
Borreliosis	Rodents	Worldwide	Ornithodoros spp	Fever to sepsis
Lyme disease	Deer, wild rodents	Worldwide	Ixodes spp	Target lesions, arthritis, sepsis
Southern tick-associated rash illness	Uncertain	Southern USA	Amblyomma americanum	Similar to Lyme disease
Relapsing fever	No animal reservoir for the transmitting lice	Epidemic	Crushing infected lice	Relapsing fever (every 3-5 days; up to 10 episodes), sepsis
	Wild rodents	Epidemic	Tick bites
Bordetella	Dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs	Worldwide	Exposure to saliva or sputum	Pertussis-like pneumonia, usually in immunocompromised
Brucellosis	Cattle, bison, elk, caribou	Worldwide, except North America	Occupational and recreational exposure	Fever, often subacute and undulant to sepsis
	Goats, sheep , camels	Worldwide	Milk, cheese, contact	As above plus arthritis
	Swine and wild pigs	Northern hemisphere	Rarely airborne	As above plus endocarditis
	Dogs, coyotes	Rare
Campylobacter enteritis	Cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, wild birds	Worldwide	Mainly foodborne, milk, waterborne, or occupational	Enteritis, arthritis, sepsis
	Nonhuman primates, laboratory animals, domestic pigs	Less frequent		Enteritis, sepsis
Capnocytophaga infection	Dogs, cats	USA	Bites or scratches	Fever to sepsis
Cat scratch disease	Cats	Worldwide	Scratches, bites, “licks”	Lymphadenopathy to sepsis; skin lesions in AIDS
Clostridial diseases (See also tetanus, below.)	Domestic animals	Worldwide	Foodborne; occasionally wound contaminant	Enteritis, gas gangrene, sepsis
	Domestic and wild animals	Worldwide	Wound infection
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections (Enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, and enteroaggressive strains are not considered zoonotic.)	Cattle, humans	North and South America, Europe, South Africa, Japan, Australia	Ingestion of undercooked ground beef, or food or water contaminated with bovine feces	Enteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome
Erysipeloid	Swine, turkeys, pigeons, marine mammals, fish	Worldwide	Occupational, recreational exposure	Cellulitis, sepsis
Glanders	Equids	Rare except for some regions in Asia	Occupational exposure	Mucous membrane or skin lesions, pneumonia, fever to sepsis
Leprosy	Armadillos	Southern Texas and Louisiana	Transmission of animal leprosy to humans suspected—never confirmed	Various skin lesions, sensory nerve lesions and deficits, nasal mucosal lesions
Leptospirosis	Domestic and wild animals, common in rodents, dogs	Worldwide	Occupational and recreational exposure; water- and foodborne	Fever, rash, pneumonia, meningitis, hepatic and renal failure
Listeriosis	Numerous mammals, birds	Worldwide in cool environments	Foodborne among domestic animals by ensilage and hay; raw contaminated milk, cheese, mud, water, and vegetables are infectious; nosocomial infection in hospitals and institutions	Enteritis, meningitis, sepsis, fetal infection
Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)	Rodents, sheep, goats, horses, swine, nonhuman primates, kangaroos, zoo animals	Asia, Africa, Australia, South America and USA; rare	Wound infection and ingestion; organisms live in soil and surface water	Skin and pulmonary lesions, hepatitis, organ abscesses
Mycobacteriosis	Many species of mammals, some birds	Worldwide	Primarily waterborne	Pulmonary disease in elderly; disseminated in immunocompromised, especially AIDS patients
	Cattle, occasionally sheep and other ruminants	Worldwide		Chronic, intermittent diarrhea
	Cattle, other ruminants	Worldwide	Water and/or soil	Skin and pulmonary lesions
Pasteurellosis	Many species of animals, especially dogs and cats	Worldwide	Wounds, scratches, bites	Wound infections, cellulitis, sepsis, meningitis
Plague	Rodents, cats, rabbits, squirrels, related animals	Foci in Western USA, South America, Asia and Africa; rare	Fleas, aerosols, handling infected animals	Ulcerative skin lesions, lymphadenopathy (buboes), pneumonia, sepsis
Psittacosis and ornithosis	Parakeets, pigeons, parrots, turkeys, ducks, geese, etc; other isolates in cattle, sheep, goats, opossums, etc, rarely cause disease in humans	Worldwide; common	Exposure to aerosols	Pneumonia, sepsis
Rat bite fever	Rodents	Worldwide; rare	Bites of rodents; can be water- or foodborne	Fever, peripheral rash, arthritis, sepsis
	Rodents	Asia		Fever, rash with plaques, wound reactivates, sepsis
Salmonellosis	Poultry, swine, cattle, horses, dogs, cats, wild mammals and birds, reptiles, amphibians, crustaceans	Worldwide; very common	Foodborne infection, especially in the elderly, infants, or immunosuppressed; occupational and recreational exposure	Enteritis to sepsis
Streptococcal infections	Cattle ( S agalactiae ), swine ( S suis ), horses ( S equi ); occasionally other animals including dogs, cats	Worldwide	Ingestion especially of raw milk; direct contact	Pharyngitis, cellulitis, pneumonia, meningitis, arthritis, sepsis
Tetanus	Principally herbivores, but all animals may be intestinal carriers	Worldwide	Wound infection and injections	Muscle spasms and contractions (especially facial), seizures, high mortality
Tuberculosis (See also mycobacteriosis, above.)	Cattle, swine, monkeys, and other animals	Worldwide; rare in USA, Canada, Europe	Ingestion, inhalation, occupational exposure	Skin lesions, adenitis, enteritis
	Monkeys, other nonhuman primates, rarely dogs, cats, and other domestic animals, Asian elephants	Worldwide	Exposure to animals infected with human type tuberculosis	Pulmonary disease, adenitis, meningitis, disseminated organ abscesses
Tularemia	Wild animals, rabbits, rodents, cats, sheep	Circumpolar in America, Europe, Asia	Occupational and recreational exposure; insect bites; ingestion; inhalation	Ulcerative skin lesions, pharyngitis, adenitis, enteritis, pneumonia, sepsis
Vibriosis	Marine shellfish	Pacific basin, warm shores of Asia	Ingestion	Enteritis
		Australia, North America; probably worldwide	Ingestion; wound infection	Ulcerating, bullous skin lesions to necrotizing fasciitis, enteritis; sepsis especially severe in immunocompromised host (mortality ≤50%)
	Crabs, shrimp, mussels	Worldwide except Europe; epidemic in some developing countries	Ingestion; wound infection	Severe, voluminous diarrhea, dehydration; deadly if untreated
Yersiniosis	Mammals, birds, puppies, kittens	Temperate zones	Ingestion; recreational exposure	Mesenteric adenitis, enteritis
	Domestic animals especially pigs, dogs, cats			Enteritis ± bloody stools or erythema nodosum, arthritis, sepsis
Boutonneuse fever, tick bite fever	Dogs, rodents, other animals	Europe, Asia, Africa	Bite of infected ticks	Eschar, adenitis, rash, fever
Ehrlichiosis	Deer, rodents, horses, dogs	USA Japan	Ticks	Human monocytic ehrlichiosis
	As above	Worldwide	Ticks	Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)
	Uncertain	Japan		Fever, adenopathy, sepsis, fever
	Uncertain	Missouri	Dogs	HGE
Eperythrozoonosis	Livestock	Worldwide (animals); reports of human infection in China, Yugoslavia	Direct contact; transplacental, vectorborne	Anemia, hemolytic jaundice, fever, lymphadenopathy, hemoglobinuria; many cases asymptomatic
Murine typhus	Rats, cats, opossums, skunks, raccoons	Worldwide	Infected rodent fleas, possibly cat fleas	Fever, central rash, relatively mild
North Asian tickborne rickettsiosis	Wild rodents	Siberia, Mongolia, China	Bite of infected ticks	Similar to Boutonneuse fever
Q fever (Query fever)	Sheep, cattle, goats, cats, dogs, rodents, other mammals, birds, ticks	Worldwide; common	Mainly airborne; exposure to placenta, birth tissues, animal excreta; occasionally ticks and milk	Fever, pneumonia, hepatitis, endocarditis
Queensland tick typhus	Bandicoots, rodents	Australia	Bite of infected Ixodes tick	Similar to Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsial pox	Mice	Eastern USA, Africa, Russia; rare	Bite of infected rodent mites, Liponyssoides spp	Eschar, rash, fever, mild
Rocky Mountain spotted fever	Rabbits, field mice, dogs	Western hemisphere	Bite of infected ticks, especially Dermacentor variabilis , D andersoni; also from crushing tick	Fever, rash ± petechiae, sepsis
Spotted fever group	Dogs and possibly cats	Western hemisphere	Likely Gulf Coast tick Amblyomma maculatum and other Amblyomma spp	Fever, mild headache, diffuse myalgia and arthralgia, rash
Scrub typhus	Rodents	“Typhus islands” in Asia, Australia, East Indies	Bite of infected larval trombiculid mites	Eschar, rash, fever, ± pneumonia
Typhus	Flying squirrels	Eastern USA	Squirrel fleas or ticks suspected	Fever, rash, sepsis

Actinomycosis	Mammals	Worldwide	Contact; rare	Fever, sepsis
Aspergillosis Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis	Birds and mammals; principally environmental in decaying vegetation or grains	Worldwide; sporadic	Environmental exposure	Pneumonia with dissemination in immunocompromised; chronic pulmonary disease ± fungus ball
Blastomycosis	Dogs, cats, horses, sea mammals; principally environmental in moist soil	Worldwide	Environmental exposure; also reported by animal exposure	Pneumonia, skin or bone lesions
Candidiasis (Moniliasis)	Principally human reservoirs, occasionally birds and mammals	Worldwide	Direct contact; often endogenous in humans	Skin and mucous membrane lesions; sepsis and dissemination to organs in immunocompromised
Coccidioidomycosis	Cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, wild cats, desert rodents, other animals; principally environmental in specific arid foci	Southwestern USA, Mexico, Central and South America	Environmental exposure	Self-limited febrile illness; persistent meningitis or osteomyelitis in immunocompromised
Cryptococcosis	Pigeons, cockatoos, cats, other mammals; principally environmental	Worldwide	Environmental exposure, especially pigeon nests	Self-limiting pulmonary granulomas; meningitis and dissemination in immunocom-promised
Dermatophilosis	Cattle, horses, deer, sheep, other mammals	Worldwide	Contact; arthropod vectors	Pustular desquamative dermatitis
Histoplasmosis	Dogs; principally environmental in river valleys	Worldwide	Environmental exposure; grows abundantly in feces of chickens, blackbirds, bats	Flu-like, pneumonia, dissemination in immunocompromised
Nocardiosis	Cattle, dogs, other mammals, fish; principally environmental in decomposing organic matter	Worldwide	Environmental exposure	Pneumonia, dissemination in immunocompromised
Pneumocystis pneumonia	Rodents, dogs, cats, cattle (animal strains)	Worldwide; common in AIDS patients	Environmental exposure; person to person; source yet to be determined, nor have animal strains been verified as human pathogens	Pneumonia, fever, nonproductive cough
Rhinosporidiosis	Horses, cattle, mules, dogs, and birds; unidentified environmental reservoirs	Worldwide, endemic in South Asia	Environmental exposure	Nasal and other mucous membrane masses and polyps; may cause obstruction
Ringworm (Dermatophytosis)	Dogs, cats, cattle, rodents, other animals	Worldwide	Direct contact with infected animals, fomites	Skin and hair lesions; rare skin dissemination in immunocompromised
Sporotrichosis	Horses, other domestic and laboratory animals, birds; primarily environmental in vegetation (moss) and wood	Worldwide	Occupational contact, including with animals	Ulcerative skin lesions may follow course of draining lymphatics of arms and legs; may disseminate in immunocompromised
Babesiosis	Wild rodents, cattle	Worldwide; rare	Bite of infected Ixodes ticks	Fever and hemolytic anemia, especially severe in immunocompromised (asplenic and elderly); recurrent or chronic infection may develop; dual infection with B burgdorferi may worsen both diseases
	Cattle, other mammals	Europe
Balantidiasis	Swine, rats, nonhuman primates	Worldwide; low incidence	Ingestion, especially of water	Enteritis or gastroenteritis
Chagas’ disease (American trypanosomiasis)	Opossums, rodents, armadillos, dogs, cats, other wild and domestic animals	Western hemisphere—Southern USA, Mexico, Central and South America	Fecal material of triatoma bug, including Reduviidae (also called cone-nosed, kissing, or assassin bug); contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or mucous membranes; blood transfusion; congenitally; tissue transplantation (infrequent)	Acute—erratic fever, adenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, skin lesions, myocarditis, or encephalitis; worse in immunocompromised Chronic—cardiomyopathy, megaesophagus, megacolon
Cryptosporidiosis	Cattle, other animals	Worldwide	Occupational contact and ingestion; waterborne	Enteritis, cholera-like and persistent in immunocompromised; cholecystitis
Giardiasis	Beavers, porcupines, dogs, other animals	Worldwide; common	Water and less often food; person to person	Enteritis; may be persistent
Leishmaniasis Kalaazar (visceral)	Wild canids and dogs	Southern Asia, South America, Africa	Bite of infected phlebotomine sand flies	Fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
Cutaneous and mucosal	Canids, marsupials, sloths, wild mammals, rodents			Papules to ulcers; may spread to oral mucous membranes and persist or recur
Malaria of nonhuman primates	Monkeys, chimpanzees	Tropical Americas, Asia, Africa	Anopheline mosquitos	Fever; human infection rare
Microsporidiosis	Various wild and domestic animals, primates, rodents, psittacine birds	Worldwide	Zoonotic transmission: fecal-oral; direct contact; waterborne possible; person to person common	Keratitis (pain, redness, and visual blurring); acute diarrhea (traveler’s diarrhea); chronic diarrhea (immunocompromised)
Sarcocystosis (Sarcosporidiosis)	Swine	Worldwide	Ingestion of raw pork or beef; ingestion of feces	Meat yields intestinal form, usually mild; feces yield muscular form, usually asymptomatic; muscular pain and eosinophilia reported
	Cattle		Ingestion of raw beef; ingestion of feces	Meat yields intestinal form, usually mild; feces yield muscular form, usually asymptomatic; muscular pain and eosinophilia reported
Toxoplasmosis	Mammals, especially cats, food animals, birds	Worldwide; common	Ingestion of oocysts shed in feces of infected cats or found in meat or raw milk	Fever and adenopathy; disseminated, multiorgan disease in immunocompromised, including brain abscess; infection of fetus may result in severe damage to CNS
Trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)	Wild and domestic dogs, ruminants, hyenas, carnivores	Africa; common below the Sahara desert	Bite of infected tsetse fly ( Glossina spp )	Painful chancre at bite site, fever, headache, adenopathy, rash, somnolence; gambiense disease may last years; rhodesiense disease may last weeks; both usually fatal without treatment
Clonorchiasis	Dogs, cats, swine, rats, wild animals	Asia	Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected freshwater fish	Cholecystitis symptoms; chronic infections associated with cirrhosis or cholangiocarcinoma
Dicrocoeliasis	Ruminants	Worldwide	Ingestion of infected ants	Abdominal discomfort
	Ruminants	Africa
Echinostomiasis	Cats, dogs, rodents, fish	Asia	Ingestion of uncooked fish, shellfish, or contaminated water	Abdominal discomfort, diarrhea
Fascioliasis	Cattle, sheep, other large ruminants (eg, water buffalo)	Worldwide	Ingestion of contaminated greens, eg, watercress	Biliary colic and obstructive jaundice
		Africa and western Pacific		Biliary colic and obstructive jaundice; migrating inflammatory skin lesions
Fasciolopsiasis	Swine, dogs	Asian pig-raising regions	Ingestion of raw tubers and nuts of aquatic plants	Enteritis with diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, anorexia; facial, abdominal, extremity edema may occur
Gastrodiscoidiasis	Swine, rats	Asia	Snails (metacercariae encyst on plants)	Mild diarrhea
Heterophyiasis	Cats, dogs, foxes, fish-eating birds	Nile delta, Turkey, Asia	Ingestion of undercooked fish	Diarrhea with mucus; rarely heart or CNS involvement
Metagonimiasis	Cats, dogs, other fish-eating mammals, fish	Asia, Europe, Siberia	Ingestion of undercooked fish	Diarrhea with mucus
Opisthorchiasis	Cats, dogs, foxes, swine	Eastern Europe, Asia, Siberia	Ingestion of uncooked fish containing encysted larva	All may produce fever, biliary colic, enlarged liver due to cholangitis, abscess, or cholangiocarcinoma
	Dogs, cats, fish-eating mammals	Thailand, Laos	Ingestion of undercooked fish containing encysted larva
	Dogs, cats, coyotes, opossums	USA, Central and South America	Undetermined
Paragonimiasis (Lung fluke disease)	Dogs, cats, swine, wild carnivores	China, India, Burma, Africa, tropical America	Ingestion of raw or partially cooked, infected freshwater crustaceans	Pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis; less often meningoencephalitis and skin nodules with dissemination
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)	Cattle, buffalo, swine, dogs, cats, rodents	Southeast Asia, China, Philippines	Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae larva from infected snails in water	Acute (especially S japonicum , S mansoni )—Katayama’s fever with fever, chills, cough, diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly Chronic—colonic polyposis with bloody diarrhea; renal hypertension with hematemesis and splenomegaly, hemorrhagic cystitis, and ureteritis, which can progress to bladder cancer; pulmonary hypertension; glomerulonephritis; and CNS manifestations
	Humans are the only reservoir	Africa, the Middle East
	Baboons, rodents, cattle, dogs	Africa, Arabia, tropical America
	Cattle	Southern Africa
	Dogs, monkeys	Southeast Asia
	Cattle, sheep, antelope, goats	Central Africa
Swimmer’s itch	Birds, mammals	Worldwide	Penetration of unbroken skin by cercariae from infected snails in fresh- and saltwater	Self-limiting urticaria
Asian taeniasis	Domestic and wild pigs, cattle, monkeys	East and southeast Asia	Ingestion of undercooked meat	Vague abdominal complaints; dissemination
Bertielliasis	Primates, oribatid mites	Asia, South America, Africa	Ingestion of infected arthropods	Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
Coenuriasis	Definitive hosts of all species are other canids, sheep, other herbivores	Worldwide in scattered foci	Ingestion of tapeworm eggs in canine feces	Painless skin swelling; rarely neurologic involvement, including eye
	Lagomorphs	Africa, Europe, USA; rare
	Wild rodents	Africa
Diphyllobothriasis (Fish tapeworm infection)	Humans, dogs, bears, fish-eating animals, freshwater fish	Worldwide	Ingestion of raw or partially cooked infected fish	Usually asymptomatic; may cause mild abdominal distress; rare megaloblastic anemia
Dipylidiasis (Dog tapeworm infection)	Dogs, cats, fleas	Worldwide	Ingestion of dog or cat fleas	Usually in children, asymptomatic or mild abdominal distress; proglottids in stool resemble cucumber seeds
Echinococcosis	Dogs, sheep, cattle, swine, rodents, deer, moose	Worldwide but mostly in Mediterranean region and southern South America	Ingestion of tapeworm eggs	Cause space-occupying lesions of organs, eg, lung, liver, kidney, etc; rarely CNS
	Foxes, microtine rodents, coyotes, dogs, wolves, cats, voles, lemmings, shrews	Alaska, Canada, Asia, Central Europe	Ingestion of tapeworm eggs	Usually involves liver with mass lesions, occasionally lung or CNS
	Bush and hunting dogs, agouti, pacas, spiny rats	Central and South America	Ingestion of tapeworm eggs	Usually involves liver, may invade adjacent tissues
Hymenolepiasis (Dwarf tapeworm infection)	Humans, rodents	Worldwide	Accidental ingestion of tapeworm eggs or infected insects	Mild abdominal distress, may be accompanied by nausea or vomiting
Inermicapsifer infection	Rodents	Africa, southeast Asia, tropical America	Ingestion of infected arthropods	Mild abdominal symptoms, if any
Mouse or rat tapeworm	Rats, mice	Worldwide	Ingestion of cysticercoids in fleas, mealworms, etc, in food	Mild abdominal symptoms of short duration
Raillietina infection	Birds, mammals	Tropical America, east Asia, Australia, Africa	Ingestion of infected arthropods	Vague discomfort
Sparganosis	Monkeys, cats, pigs, dogs, weasels, rats, chickens, snakes, frogs, mice	Worldwide; uncommon	Ingestion of infected cyclops or raw infected animal flesh or application of animal flesh to human	Nodular, itchy skin lesions that can migrate; conjunctival and eyelid lesions; other organ involvement including CNS
Taeniasis
Beef tapeworm disease	Cattle, water buffalo, reindeer, camels	Worldwide	Ingestion of undercooked meat containing larvae of T saginata	Bowel infection from larvae causes mild abdominal discomfort and proglottid passage; eggs do not cause disseminated disease
Pork tapeworm disease Cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis	Swine, humans	Worldwide where swine are reared (rare in USA, Canada, UK, Scandinavia)	Ingestion of undercooked pork containing C cellulosae ; direct or autogenous transmission of T solium ova in humans may lead to cysticercosis	Usually asymptomatic for years until cysticerci result in inflammation in CNS (seizures) or less often in eye or heart; autoinfection with eggs may occur as well as infection of other humans; adult stage infection (taeniasis) mild or asymptomatic
Angiostrongyliasis	Cotton rats, slugs	Central and South America, USA	Accidental ingestion of slugs or plants contaminated by their secretions	P costaricensis may cause a syndrome resembling appendicitis, especially in children, called abdominal or intestinal angiostrongyliasis
	Rats, snails, slugs, prawns, fish, land crabs, Bandicota spp	Japan, east and southeast Asia to Australia, Pacific Islands, Africa		Eosinophilic meningitis, ocular involvement occurs with decreased vision, eye muscle paralysis
Anisakiasis	Marine invertebrates, fish, mammals	Japan, Holland, Scandinavia, western South America, western Europe, USA	Ingestion of undercooked marine fish, squid, octopus	Gastroenteritis with upper quadrant pain may be accompanied by hematemesis; cough if oropharynx is involved
Capillariasis
Hepatic capillariasis	Rodents, other wild and domestic animals	Worldwide in scattered foci	Ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil	Acute or subacute hepatitis with marked eosinophilia
Intestinal capillariasis	Aquatic birds, freshwater fish	Northern Philippines, Thailand, east Asia, and Egypt	Ingestion of infected fish	Enteropathy with protein loss and malabsorption, vomiting
Pulmonary capillariasis	Dogs, cats, other carnivores	Worldwide	Accidental ingestion of infective eggs in soil or contaminated food	Fever, cough, bronchospasm
Dioctophymosis (Giant kidney worm infection)	Dogs, mink, other carnivores, frogs, fish	Europe, Asia, North and South America; rare	Ingestion of infected fish or frog’s liver and mesentery	Flank pain, renal colic, hematuria, ureteral obstruction
Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm infection)	Humans	Asia and Africa; common	Ingestion of infected cyclops in water	Vesicular skin lesion that opens to reveal worm; allergic reaction and secondary infection may occur
	Raccoons, mink, dogs	North America	Ingestion of frogs and other paratenic hosts
Filariasis
Dirofilariasis	Dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, mosquitos	Worldwide	Bite of infected mosquitos	Fever, cough acutely, resulting in infarct or coin lesion in the lungs; often asymptomatic; rarely involves eye
Malayan filariasis	Cats, other carnivores, monkeys, mosquitos	Asia; common	Bite of infected mosquitos	Cutaneous lesion may include lymph nodes
Tropical eosinophilia				Cutaneous lesion may include lymph nodes
Gnathostomiasis	Dogs, cats, wild carnivores, copepods, freshwater fish	East Asia, India, Australia	Ingestion of infected fish or poultry	Migratory skin lesions; may involve viscera or CNS
Gongylonemiasis	Ruminants, domestic and wild swine, other mammals; beetles	Worldwide; rare	Ingestion of infected arthropods	Intestinal discomfort
Larva migrans, cutaneous (See also gnathostomiasis, above.)	Cats, dogs, wild carnivores	Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; common	Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin	Itchy, serpiginous, migrating skin lesions, usually of extremities; wheezing, cough, and urticaria may occur
	Cats, dogs, sheep, swine, etc	Worldwide in tropics and subtropics; rare to common	Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin	Itchy, urticarial lesions, usually on buttocks, groin, or trunk (autoinfection), along with GI symptoms; dissemination with pulmonary or CNS disease may occur in immunocompromised
Larva migrans, visceral (See also angiostrongyliasis and anisakiasis, above.)	Dogs, cats	Worldwide	Ingestion of embryonated eggs shed in feces of dogs and cats	Fever, wheezing cough; nodular rash on trunk and extremities; may wax and wane for months; eye involvement (ocular migrans) may resemble retinoblastoma
	Raccoons	North America, Europe	Accidental ingestion of embryonated eggs in soil or fecal contaminated material	Can cause fatal meningoencephalitis in infants (neural larval migrans); increased frequency of ocular disease in children but can occur in adults
Oesophagostomiasis Ternidensiasis	Primates	Asia, Africa, South America	Ingestion of infective larvae in soil	Abdominal pain (may be right lower quadrant) and masses; may have mild fever
Strongyloidiasis	Dogs, cats, foxes, primates	Worldwide; rare to common	Contact with infective larvae that penetrate skin	Frequently asymptomatic; clinical features include abdominal pain, diarrhea, urticarial rash (waist, buttocks); disseminated strongyloidiasis with abdominal pain and distention, shock, pulmonary and neurologic complications, septicemia, and death may occur in immunocompromised
Thelaziasis	Dogs, cats, other domestic and wild animals, flies	East and south Asia; rare	Infected insects	Conjunctivitis
Trichinosis (Trichinellosis)	Swine, rodents, bears, horses, wild carnivores, marine mammals; both in the neoarctic and the tropics	Worldwide, especially subarctic region	Ingestion of pork and flesh of wild animals containing viable cysts	Gastroenteritis followed by fever, severe myalgia, facial swelling; CNS or myocardial involvement may follow
Trichostrongyliasis	Cattle, sheep, wild ruminants	Worldwide	Ingestion of infective larvae on plant foods or in soil	Asymptomatic or mild enteritis
Trichuriasis (Whipworm infection)	Humans, other primates	Worldwide; common	Ingestion of embryonated eggs on plant foods or in soil	Asymptomatic or mild enteritis
Macracanthorhynchosis	Domestic and wild pigs, beetles, squirrels, muskrats, arctic foxes, dogs, sea otters, crustaceans, fish	Worldwide; uncommon	Ingestion of infected beetles	Enteritis, may lead to gut perforation
Hirudiniasis	Cattle, buffalo, horses, sheep, dogs, pigs	Africa, Asia, Europe, Chile	Direct contact with leeches	Attaches to skin to suck blood; secondary infection may occur
Acariasis (Mange)	Domestic animals	Worldwide	Contact with infected individuals or animals; contaminated clothing	Itchy skin lesions
Myiasis	Mammals	Tropical America	Can invade living tissue; necrotic tissue ingested	Dermal and subdermal wounds; nasal myiasis; intestinal myiasis; usually mild; some may be migratory and destructive causing burrows and boils
	Mammals	Asia, Africa
	Mammals	Africa
	Mammals	North America
	Mammals	South America, Mexico
	Mammals	Worldwide
	Mammals	North America, Europe
	Mammals	Asia, north Africa
	Bovidea	Worldwide	Eggs and their larva
	Bovidea	North America, Europe, north Africa, Asia
Nanophyetiasis	Raccoons, skunks, snails	North America, Russia	Ingestion of fish or roe	Mild enteritis
Pentastomid infections	Dogs, snakes, other vertebrates	Northern hemisphere Worldwide	Ingestion of infected animal tissues, water, or vegetation	Usually asymptomatic; pressure from larvae may cause symptoms in lung or other organs, including CNS and eye
Tick paralysis	Various animals	North America, Australia, South Africa, Ethiopia	Direct contact (attachment) with tick	Gastroenteritis followed by ascending lower neuron paralysis; paresthesia may be noted
Tunga infections	Humans, dogs, pigs, other mammals	Subtropical Africa, Americas, south Asia	Contact with contaminated soil	Penetration of skin and burrowing result in pain and itching; may be secondarily infected
California group infections	Ground squirrels, other rodents	USA, Canada	Mosquito ( Aedes spp ) bites	Fever, encephalitis with seizures, paralysis, and other focal neurologic signs
LaCrosse encephalitis
Tahyna fever	Hares, rodents, other mammals	Europe, Africa
Central European tickborne encephalitis	Rodents, hedgehogs, birds, goats, sheep	Europe	Ixodes tick bites; may be milkborne	Biphasic illness with encephalitis occurring in second febrile phase; paralysis or neuropsychiatric symptoms may develop
Colorado tick fever	Ground squirrels, chipmunks, porcupines, small rodents	Western USA; common	Tick ( Dermacentor andersoni ) bites	2- to 3-phase illness with meningoencephalitis occurring in late phases; abdominal pain and vomiting may occur
Contagious ecthyma (Orf)	Sheep, goats, wild ungulates	Worldwide; common	Occupational exposure	Papule(s) that umbilicate and ulcerate, usually on hands; dissemination rare
Cowpox	Cattle, rodents, cats, zoo cats	Worldwide; rare	Contact exposure	Vesicles that become pustular, usually on hands; regional adenopathy
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis	Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys	Western hemisphere	Mosquito ( Culiseta melanura and Aedes spp ) bites	Nonspecific febrile illness to encephalitis which may be severe and accompanied by seizures; neurologic sequellae occur in 30-50% of encephalitis cases
Encephalo- myocarditis	Rats, mice, squirrels, swine, nonhuman primates, elephants	Worldwide	Environmental contamination	Rare, acute myocarditis
Far eastern tickborne encephalitis (Russian spring-summer encephalitis)	Birds, small mammals, sheep	Asia, Europe; rare	Tick ( Ixodes persulcatus and I ricinus ) bites	Similar to central European tickborne encephalitis; flaccid paralysis of shoulders and arms may be seen; fatality rate 20-25%; neurologic sequelae in 30-60% of survivors
Foot-and-mouth disease	Cattle, swine, related cloven-hoofed animals	Europe, Asia, Africa, South America	Contact exposure	Humans can become carriers but not ill
Hendra virus infection	Horses, fruit bats (reservoir)	Australia (Queensland)	Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated tissue	Respiratory infection, encephalitis
Hepatitis E	Swine, deer, others	Worldwide	Fecal, oral spread; consumption of raw or undercooked liver	Fever, GI symptoms, jaundice; may be prolonged; worse in pregnancy
Herpes B virus disease	Old World monkeys; cell cultures	Worldwide; rare	Monkey bites and scratches, occupational exposure	Vesicular skin lesions followed by severe encephalitis with seizures, paralysis, coma; 70% mortality
Influenza type A (synonyms: swine flu, avian flu, Hong Kong flu)	Birds, swine, other wild and domestic mammals; migratory waterfowl serve as reservoirs and carriers for highly pathogenic avian influenza	Worldwide; common	Contact exposure; animals rarely a source	Upper and lower respiratory symptoms; may progress to influenza, pneumonia, or secondary bacterial pneumonia; seasonally endemic or epidemic
Japanese B encephalitis	Swine, wild birds, horses	Asia, Pacific islands from Japan to the Philippines	Mosquito ( Culex tritaeniorhynchus , other Culex spp ) bites	Fever, GI symptoms to severe encephalitis with seizures, paralysis; neurologic sequelae in up to 80% of survivors
Louping ill	Sheep, goats, grouse, small rodents	Great Britain, Northern Ireland; rare	Tick ( Ixodes ricinus ) bites	Biphasic illness with meningoencephalitis in second phase; relatively mild compared with central European tickborne encephalitis, which it resembles
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	House mice, dogs, monkeys, guinea pigs, hamsters	Worldwide	Host excretions and secretions	Ranges from mild flu-like illness to biphasic with severe meningitis in second phase; arthritis, parotitis, and orchitis may occur; may be teratogenic or cause abortion
Menangle virus infection	Fruit bats, pigs	Australia	Respiratory secretions, feces	Fever
Milker’s nodules (Pseudocowpox)	Cattle	Worldwide; common	Occupational exposure	Papular to nodular red skin lesions; painless and self- limiting
Monkeypox	Nonhuman primates, Gambian rats, other African rodents; prairie dogs, other pet rodents in USA	West and central Africa; rare	Contact; aerosols	Usually mild, smallpox-like disease; even milder in those vaccinated for smallpox; lymphadenopathy prominent
Murray Valley encephalitis	Wild birds	Australia, New Guinea; rare	Mosquito ( Culex annulirostris ) bites	Asymptomatic infection in 99%; when disease occurs it can be severe encephalitis with neurologic sequelae
Newcastle disease	Fowl, wild birds	Worldwide; common	Occupational exposure	Can cause self-limiting conjunctivitis
Nipah virus infection	Swine, dogs, fruit bats, other animals	Malaysia	Direct contact with infected animals or contaminated tissue	Fever, headache, vomiting, encephalitis; 30% mortality
Rabies and rabies-related infections	Wild and domestic canids, mustelidae, viverridae, vampire and insectivorous bats	Worldwide except Australia, New Zealand, UK, Ireland, Scandinavia, Japan, Taiwan; many smaller islands, including Hawaii, are free of infection	Bites of diseased animals; aerosols in closed environments	Paresthesias or pain at bite site, fever, myalgia, mood changes progress to hyperventilation, general paresthesias, paresis, seizures, hydrophobia; mortality >99% in symptomatic infection; other strains of virus very rare, but deadly
	Fruit bats
Ross River fever	Undetermined	Australia, South Pacific Islands	Mosquito ( Culex annulirostris and Aedes spp ) bites	Fever, arthralgia, rash, may persist for months; purpura on lower extremities
St. Louis encephalitis	Wild birds, domestic fowl	Western hemisphere	Mosquito ( Culex tarsalis , C pipiens-quinquefasciatus complex, C nigripalpus ) bites	Encephalitis with cerebellar signs, hepatitis, dysuria; more severe in elderly
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	Civet cats most likely	China, southeast Asia	Direct contact suspected, person to person	Fever, myalgia, headache, diarrhea, pneumonia; case fatality rate 10%
Sindbis virus disease	Birds	Eastern hemisphere; rare	Mosquito ( Culex spp ) bites	Fever, arthritis, rash that may become hemorrhagic, prominent myalgia
Tanapox	Asian and African monkeys	Asia, Africa, and in monkey colonies	Contact; aerosols	Fever, 1 or 2 papulovesicular lesions, often on extremities
Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis	Rodents, equids	Western hemisphere; common	Mosquito ( Monsonia , Aedes , Culex spp ) bites	Most have nonspecific febrile illness; <5% progress to encephalitis with mortality rate of 20%
Vesicular stomatitis	Swine, cattle, horses, bats, rodents, other wild mammals	North and South America	Contact exposure and insect bites, including mosquitos and biting flies ( Phlebotomus spp )	Fever (± biphasic), myalgia, pharyngitis, cervical adenopathy, oral or rectal vesicles
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (HF) Arenaviridae
Lassa fever	Wild rodents	Africa	Rodent excretions, secretions or tissues; person to person	Gradual onset of myalgia and fever; may develop severe swelling of head and neck; pleural/pericardial effusions; hemorrhagic syndrome less common
New World HF	Rodents	Americas	Rodent excretions, secretions, or tissues; person to person	Gradual onset of myalgia and fever; may develop petechial hemorrhage, bleeding, CNS symptoms
Argentinean HF
Bolivian HF
Brazilian HF
Venezuelan HF
Bunyaviridae
Crimean-Congo HF	Cattle, rodents, sheep, goats, hares, birds	Africa, Middle East, central Asia, eastern Europe	Tick ( Hyalomma and Boophilus spp ) bites; occupational risk among animal workers	Fever, headache, pharyngitis, abdominal symptoms, petechial rash, hemorrhage; very severe in pregnant women
Hantaviral diseases	Rodents	Worldwide	Aerosols from rodent excretions and secretions
Hantaviral pulmonary syndrome	Peromyscus spp Sigmodon hispidus	USA, may be more widespread throughout Americas		Fever, myalgia, respiratory failure, thrombocytopenia; mortality 40-50%
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	Apodemus , Clethrionomys , Rattus spp	China, Siberia, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, Balkan countries, Europe		Abrupt onset of fever, back pain, petechiae, hemorrhage, renal failure with oliguria; mortality 5-15%
Rift Valley fever	Sheep, goats, cattle, camels	Africa; common to rare	Mosquitos ( Aedes spp ); contact on autopsy or handling fresh meat	May show biphasic illness, bradycardia, petechiae, hemorrhage
Filoviridae
Ebola HF Marburg HF	Primates suspected	Central and southern Africa	Contact with infected tissues	Abrupt onset of fever; joint and muscle pain, headache, gastroenteritis with vomiting; maculopapular rash with desquamation; hepatitis and widespread hemorrhages 3-4 days after onset; mortality 50-90% for Ebola, 20-30% for Marburg
Flaviviridae
Kyasanur forest disease	Rodents, monkeys	India	Tick ( Haemaphysalis spinigera ) bites	Fever, rash, bradycardia; course may be biphasic with remission followed by meningoencephalitis
Omsk hemorrhagic fever	Rodents, muskrats	Omsk, Siberia; rare	Tick ( Dermacentor spp ) bites; direct contact with D marginatus	Biphasic illness with encephalitis occurring in second phase; sequelae, including deafness, relatively common
Yellow fever	Monkeys, baboons	Tropical America, Africa	Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti in urban cycles, Haemagogus spp in jungle cycles in South America, Aedes spp in jungle cycles in Africa) bites	Fever, myalgia, prostration, progressing to jaundice, bradycardia; liver and renal failure in 20-50%; often fatal with hemorrhagic manifestations
Wesselsbron fever	Sheep	Southern Africa, southeast Asia	Mosquito ( Aedes , Mansonia , Culex spp ) bites	Fever, myalgia, and hyperesthesia of skin ± maculopapular rash; self-limiting
West Nile fever	Wild birds, horses, other mammals	Eastern and Western hemisphere; common	Mosquito (primarily Culex spp ) bites; blood transfusion, tissue transplant rarely; may be milkborne	Fever, rash, worse in elderly; encephaliçtis may be accompanied by flaccid paresis and respiratory failure
Western equine encephalomyelitis	Wild birds, domestic fowl, horses, mules, donkeys, bats, reptiles, amphibians	Western and Central USA, Canada, South America	Mosquito ( Culex tarsalis in USA, other Culex and Aedes spp outside USA)	Febrile illness to encephalitis; worse in infants and children in whom neurologic sequelae are more likely
Yabapox	African monkeys	Africa; rare	Contact; aerosols	Indurated, painful skin lesion
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease	Cattle	Primarily in England, sporadic cases in France, Ireland, Italy, Canada	Ingestion of beef	Rapidly fatal neurodegenerative disorder similar to sporadic Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease

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Abbott Animal Hospital
48 Fall River Avenue
Rehoboth, MA 02769
ph: (508) 336-4430
fax: (508) 915-2176
receptionist@abbottanimalhospital.com